Participle Clauses Replacing Relative Clauses
1Công thức
noun + -ing (active) / past participle (passive) instead of who/which + verb2Giải thích
Phân từ hiện tại có thể thay thế mệnh đề quan hệ mang nghĩa chủ động (the man standing there = the man who is standing there), phân từ quá khứ thay thế mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động (the person chosen = the person who was chosen).
A present participle can replace a relative clause with an active meaning, and a past participle can replace a relative clause with a passive meaning. This shortens the sentence and is common in written English.
3Khi nào dùng
- Reducing relative clauses (the man standing by the door)
- Passive meaning with past participles (the person chosen for the job)
4Quy tắc cần nhớ
- Present participle: active meaning (who is standing)
- Past participle: passive meaning (who was chosen)
- Not used when the relative clause refers to a single completed past event with a different time frame
5Ví dụ
Anyone wanting a refund should speak to reception.
The items listed below are out of stock.
Passengers travelling to Paris must change at Lyon.
6Lỗi thường gặp
- The students taking the exam yesterday passed. (who took the exam yesterday)
- The report writing by Tom is excellent. (written by Tom)