Present and Perfect Participle Clauses
1Công thức
-ing form / having + past participle, main clause (same subject)2Giải thích
Phân từ hiện tại và phân từ hoàn thành (having + V3) dùng sau giới từ/liên từ, chỉ lý do, hai hành động đồng thời hoặc hành động nối tiếp. Chủ ngữ của phân từ phải giống chủ ngữ mệnh đề chính.
Present and perfect participles can follow prepositions and conjunctions, give reasons, show simultaneous actions, or show actions in sequence. The perfect participle (having + past participle) shows that one action happened before another.
Dấu hiệu: afterbeforewhilehaving
3Khi nào dùng
- After prepositions and conjunctions (after leaving, by working)
- Reasons (Being tired, ...)
- Simultaneous actions (Waiting for the bus, I read the news)
- Sequence of past actions (Having finished the work, we went home)
4Quy tắc cần nhớ
- The participle and the main clause must have the same subject
- Use having + past participle for an earlier action
5Ví dụ
Having read the instructions twice, she assembled the shelf.
Feeling nervous, he rehearsed his speech again.
After finishing the course, they started their own business.
6Lỗi thường gặp
- Walking down the street, a car hit me. (I was hit by a car)
- Finishing the exam, the bell rang. (the participle's subject must be the same as the main clause)